def byte_size(s):
  return len(s.encode('utf-8'))
  
byte_size('😀') # 4
byte_size('Hello World') # 11

magnitude = lambda bits: 1_000_000_000_000_000_000 % (2 ** bits)
sign = lambda bits: -1 ** (1_000_000_000_000_000_000 // (2 ** bits))

print("64 bit sum:", magnitude(64) * sign(64))
print("32 bit sum:", magnitude(32) * sign(32))
print("16 bit sum:", magnitude(16) * sign(16))

def key_of_min(d):
  return min(d, key = d.get)

key_of_min({'a':4, 'b':0, 'c':13}) # b

def max_n(lst, n = 1):
  return sorted(lst, reverse = True)[:n]

max_n([1, 2, 3]) # [3]
max_n([1, 2, 3], 2) # [3, 2]

def check_prop(fn, prop):
  return lambda obj: fn(obj[prop])
  
check_age = check_prop(lambda x: x >= 18, 'age')
user = {'name': 'Mark', 'age': 18}
check_age(user) # True

from typing import Optional

from datetime import datetime

def convert_timestamp_string_to_epoch(timestamp: str) -> Optional[int]:
    epoch_time = None
    time_obj = datetime.strptime(timestamp, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f")
    epoch_time = int((time_obj - datetime(1970, 1, 1)).total_seconds() * 1000)
    return epoch_time


print(int(convert_timestamp_string_to_epoch("2025-08-01 13:11:47.171")))
#above outputs 1754053907171.0

#how to I remove the .0 ?