# Python program to reverse a linked list
# Time Complexity : O(n)
# Space Complexity : O(n) as 'next'
#variable is getting created in each loop.

# Node class


class Node:

	# Constructor to initialize the node object
	def __init__(self, data):
		self.data = data
		self.next = None


class LinkedList:

	# Function to initialize head
	def __init__(self):
		self.head = None

	# Function to reverse the linked list
	def reverse(self):
		prev = None
		current = self.head
		while(current is not None):
			next = current.next
			current.next = prev
			prev = current
			current = next
		self.head = prev

	# Function to insert a new node at the beginning
	def push(self, new_data):
		new_node = Node(new_data)
		new_node.next = self.head
		self.head = new_node

	# Utility function to print the linked LinkedList
	def printList(self):
		temp = self.head
		while(temp):
			print temp.data,
			temp = temp.next


# Driver program to test above functions
llist = LinkedList()
llist.push(20)
llist.push(4)
llist.push(15)
llist.push(85)

print "Given Linked List"
llist.printList()
llist.reverse()
print "\nReversed Linked List"
llist.printList()

from collections import defaultdict

def combine_values(*dicts):
  res = defaultdict(list)
  for d in dicts:
    for key in d:
      res[key].append(d[key])
  return dict(res)
  
d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 'foo', 'c': 400}
d2 = {'a': 3, 'b': 200, 'd': 400}

combine_values(d1, d2) # {'a': [1, 3], 'b': ['foo', 200], 'c': [400], 'd': [400]}

import itertools

def compute_permutations(string):
    # Generate all permutations of the string
    permutations = itertools.permutations(string)

    # Convert each permutation tuple to a string
    permutations = [''.join(permutation) for permutation in permutations]

    return permutations

# Prompt the user for a string
string = input("Enter a string: ")

# Compute permutations
permutations = compute_permutations(string)

# Display the permutations
print("Permutations:")
for permutation in permutations:
    print(permutation)

class Rectangle:
    pass

class Square(Rectangle):
    pass

rectangle = Rectangle()
square = Square()

print(isinstance(rectangle, Rectangle))  # True
print(isinstance(square, Rectangle))     # True
print(isinstance(square, Square))        # True
print(isinstance(rectangle, Square))     # False

bytes_data = b'Hello, World!'
string_data = bytes_data.decode('utf-8')
print("String:", string_data)

weigh = lambda a,b: sum(b)-sum(a)
FindCoin = lambda A: 0 if (n := len(A)) == 1 else (m := n//3) * (w := 1 + weigh(A[:m], A[2*m:])) + FindCoin(A[m*w:m*(w+1)])
print(FindCoin([1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1]))