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#include <iostream>using namespace std;/* Function: get_coeffParameters: double& coeff, int pos passed from bb_4acReturn: type is void so no return, but does ask for user to input data that establishes what a b and c are.*/void get_coeff(double& coeff, int pos) {char position;if(pos == 1) {position = 'a';} else if(pos == 2) { //a simple system to determine what coefficient the program is asking for.position = 'b';} else {position = 'c';}cout << "Enter the co-efficient " << position << ":"; //prompt to input coeffcoeff = 5; //input coeff}/* Function: bb_4acParameters: no parameters passed from main, but 3 params established in function, double a, b, c.Return: b * b - 4 * a * c*/double bb_4ac() {double a, b, c; //coefficients of a quadratic equationget_coeff(a, 1); // call function 1st timeget_coeff(b, 2); // call function 2nd timeget_coeff(c, 3); // call function 3rd timereturn b * b - 4 * a * c; //return b * b - 4 * a * c}int main() {cout << "Function to calculate the discriminant of the equation. . . " << endl;double determinate = bb_4ac(); //assign double determinate to bb_4ac functioncout << "The discriminant for given values is: " << determinate << endl; //output the determinate!}
#include <iostream>int main(){const char* const hello = "Hello, world!";const char* bruh = hello;char* const yeet = hello;std::cout << bruh << std::endl;std::cout << yeet << std::endl;return 0;}/*Place your bets!Will the program:a.) Print "Hello, world!" twice?b.) Compile error on line 5 (bruh initialize line) because the pointer gets implicit cast to non-const?c.) Compile error on line 7 (yeet initialize line) because the char gets implicit cast to non-const?d.) Both b and c?e.) Compile error line 11 (print yeet) because the pointer is constant and can't be incrementedf.) Print "Hello, world!" then print the pointer address in hexadecimalg.) Both b and e?h.) Both c and e?i.) B, c, and e?*/// The answer is in this base 64 string:// 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
//From https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/abhilashpatel121/easyfft-fast-fourier-transform-fft-for-arduino-9d2677#include <cmath>#include <iostream>const unsigned char sine_data[] = { //Quarter a sine wave0,4, 9, 13, 18, 22, 27, 31, 35, 40, 44,49, 53, 57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 79, 83, 87,91, 96, 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 127,131, 135, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 157, 160, 164,167, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 195, //Paste this at top of program198, 201, 204, 206, 209, 211, 214, 216, 219, 221,223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 240,241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,252, 253, 253, 254, 254, 254, 255, 255, 255, 255};float sine(int i){ //Inefficient sineint j=i;float out;while(j < 0) j = j + 360;while(j > 360) j = j - 360;if(j > -1 && j < 91) out = sine_data[j];else if(j > 90 && j < 181) out = sine_data[180 - j];else if(j > 180 && j < 271) out = -sine_data[j - 180];else if(j > 270 && j < 361) out = -sine_data[360 - j];return (out / 255);}float cosine(int i){ //Inefficient cosineint j = i;float out;while(j < 0) j = j + 360;while(j > 360) j = j - 360;if(j > -1 && j < 91) out = sine_data[90 - j];else if(j > 90 && j < 181) out = -sine_data[j - 90];else if(j > 180 && j < 271) out = -sine_data[270 - j];else if(j > 270 && j < 361) out = sine_data[j - 270];return (out / 255);}//Example data://-----------------------------FFT Function----------------------------------------------//float* FFT(int in[],unsigned int N,float Frequency){ //Result is highest frequencies in order of loudness. Needs to be deleted./*Code to perform FFT on arduino,setup:paste sine_data [91] at top of program [global variable], paste FFT function at end of programTerm:1. in[] : Data array,2. N : Number of sample (recommended sample size 2,4,8,16,32,64,128...)3. Frequency: sampling frequency required as input (Hz)If sample size is not in power of 2 it will be clipped to lower side of number.i.e, for 150 number of samples, code will consider first 128 sample, remaining sample will be omitted.For Arduino nano, FFT of more than 128 sample not possible due to mamory limitation (64 recomended)For higher Number of sample may arise Mamory related issue,Code by ABHILASHContact: [email protected]Documentation:https://www.instructables.com/member/abhilash_patel/instructables/2/3/2021: change data type of N from float to int for >=256 samples*/unsigned int sampleRates[13]={1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048};int a = N;int o;for(int i=0;i<12;i++){ //Snapping N to a sample rate in sampleRatesif(sampleRates[i]<=a){o = i;}}int in_ps[sampleRates[o]] = {}; //input for sequencingfloat out_r[sampleRates[o]] = {}; //real part of transformfloat out_im[sampleRates[o]] = {}; //imaginory part of transformint x = 0;int c1;int f;for(int b=0;b<o;b++){ // bit reversalc1 = sampleRates[b];f = sampleRates[o] / (c1 + c1);for(int j = 0;j < c1;j++){x = x + 1;in_ps[x]=in_ps[j]+f;}}for(int i=0;i<sampleRates[o];i++){ // update input array as per bit reverse orderif(in_ps[i]<a){out_r[i]=in[in_ps[i]];}if(in_ps[i]>a){out_r[i]=in[in_ps[i]-a];}}int i10,i11,n1;float e,c,s,tr,ti;for(int i=0;i<o;i++){ //ffti10 = sampleRates[i]; // overall values of sine/cosine :i11 = sampleRates[o] / sampleRates[i+1]; // loop with similar sine cosine:e = 360 / sampleRates[i+1];e = 0 - e;n1 = 0;for(int j=0;j<i10;j++){c=cosine(e*j);s=sine(e*j);n1=j;for(int k=0;k<i11;k++){tr = c*out_r[i10 + n1]-s*out_im[i10 + n1];ti = s*out_r[i10 + n1]+c*out_im[i10 + n1];out_r[n1 + i10] = out_r[n1]-tr;out_r[n1] = out_r[n1]+tr;out_im[n1 + i10] = out_im[n1]-ti;out_im[n1] = out_im[n1]+ti;n1 = n1+i10+i10;}}}/*for(int i=0;i<sampleRates[o];i++){std::cout << (out_r[i]);std::cout << ("\t"); // un comment to print RAW o/pstd::cout << (out_im[i]); std::cout << ("i");std::cout << std::endl;}*///---> here onward out_r contains amplitude and our_in conntains frequency (Hz)for(int i=0;i<sampleRates[o-1];i++){ // getting amplitude from compex numberout_r[i] = sqrt(out_r[i]*out_r[i]+out_im[i]*out_im[i]); // to increase the speed delete sqrtout_im[i] = i * Frequency / N;std::cout << (out_im[i]); std::cout << ("Hz");std::cout << ("\t"); // un comment to print freuency binstd::cout << (out_r[i]);std::cout << std::endl;}x = 0; // peak detectionfor(int i=1;i<sampleRates[o-1]-1;i++){if(out_r[i]>out_r[i-1] && out_r[i]>out_r[i+1]){in_ps[x] = i; //in_ps array used for storage of peak numberx = x + 1;}}s = 0;c = 0;for(int i=0;i<x;i++){ // re arraange as per magnitudefor(int j=c;j<x;j++){if(out_r[in_ps[i]]<out_r[in_ps[j]]){s=in_ps[i];in_ps[i]=in_ps[j];in_ps[j]=s;}}c=c+1;}float* f_peaks = new float[sampleRates[o]];for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ // updating f_peak array (global variable)with descending orderf_peaks[i]=out_im[in_ps[i]];}return f_peaks;}//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------////main.cppint data[64]={14, 30, 35, 34, 34, 40, 46, 45, 30, 4, -26, -48, -55, -49, -37,-28, -24, -22, -13, 6, 32, 55, 65, 57, 38, 17, 1, -6, -11, -19, -34,-51, -61, -56, -35, -7, 18, 32, 35, 34, 35, 41, 46, 43, 26, -2, -31, -50,-55, -47, -35, -27, -24, -21, -10, 11, 37, 58, 64, 55, 34, 13, -1, -7};int main(){const unsigned int SAMPLE_RATE = 48*1000; //48khzauto result = FFT(data,64,SAMPLE_RATE);std::cout << result[0] << " " << result[1] << " " << result[2] << " " << result[3] << std::endl;delete[] result;return 0;}
#include <bits/stdc++.h>#define MAXSIZE 50000#define INF 100000using namespace std;vector<int> adj[MAXSIZE]; //Adjacency Listbool visited[MAXSIZE]; //Checks if a node is visited or not in BFS and DFSbool isConnected = true; //Checks if the input graph is connected or notint dist[MAXSIZE], discover[MAXSIZE], finish[MAXSIZE]; //Distance for BFS, in time and out time for DFSint t = 1; //Time used for DFSint u, v, i, j, k, N = 0;stack<int> st; //Stack for TopSortmultiset<pair<int, int>> s; //collection of pairs to sort by distancepair<int, int> current; //pointer variable to a position in the multisetvoid BFS(){queue<int> q; //queue for BFSq.push(1); //pushing the sourcedist[1] = 0; //assign the distance of source as 0visited[1] = 1; //marking as visitedwhile(!q.empty()){u = q.front();q.pop();for(i=0; i < adj[u].size(); i++){v = adj[u][i]; //Adjacent vertexif(!visited[v]) //if not visited, update the distance and push onto queue{visited[v] = 1;dist[v] = dist[u]+1;q.push(v);}}}for(i = 1; i <= N; i++){s.insert(make_pair(dist[i], i)); //for sorted distance}cout << "BFS results:" << endl;//prints BFS results and checks if the graph is connectedwhile(!s.empty()){current = *s.begin();s.erase(s.begin());i = current.second;j = current.first;if(j == INF) //if any infinite value, graph is not connected{cout << i << " INF" << endl;isConnected = false;}else{cout << i << " " << j << endl;}}//marks blocks of memory as visitedmemset(visited, 0, sizeof visited);}void dfsSearch(int s){visited[s] = 1; //marking it visiteddiscover[s] = t++; //assigning and incrementing timeint i, v;for(i = 0; i < adj[s].size(); i++){v = adj[s][i];if(!visited[v]) //if vertex is not visited then visit, else continue{dfsSearch(v);}}st.push(s); //pushed onto stack for TopSort if it was calledfinish[s] = t++; //out time}void DFS(){for(i = 1; i <= N; i++){if(visited[i]) //if visited continue, else visit it with DFS{continue;}dfsSearch(i); //embedded function to actually perform DFS}for(i=1;i<=N;i++){s.insert(make_pair(discover[i], i)); //minheap for sorted discovery time}cout << "DFS results:" << endl;while(!s.empty()) //Prints DFS results as long as the multiset is not empty{current = *s.begin(); //duplicates the pointer to first object in the multisets.erase(s.begin()); //erases the first object in multiseti = current.second;cout << i << " " << discover[i] << " " << finish[i] << endl; //prints discover times and finish times}}void TopSort(){//call DFS so we can have a sorted stack to printfor(i=1;i<=N;i++){if(visited[i]){continue;}dfsSearch(i);}cout<<"Topological Sort results:"<<endl;//print sorted results from DFSwhile(!st.empty()){i = st.top();st.pop();cout << i << endl;}//declare blocks of memory as visitedmemset(visited, 0, sizeof visited);}int main(){string str, num, input;int selection, connectedChoice = 0;//get to input any file, more freedom than declaring file in command linecout << "Enter the exact name of your input file [case sensitive]: ";cin >> input;ifstream inputFile(input); //Read the input file//checks if the ifstream cannot openif(inputFile.fail()){cout << endl << "No input files matching that name. Terminating..." << endl;return 0;}//Read until the end of filewhile(!inputFile.eof()){getline(inputFile, str); //read the current lineif(str == ""){continue;}if(!isdigit(str[0])) //checks to see if the first item in a line is a digit or not{cout << "Invalid file format. You have a line beginning with a non-digit. Terminating..." << endl;return 0;}stringstream ss;ss << str; //convert the line to stream of stringsss >> num; //read the line numstringstream(num) >> u;while(!ss.eof()){ss>>num;if(stringstream(num) >> v){adj[u].push_back(v); //read the adjacent vertices}}N++; //calculate the number of verticessort(adj[u].begin(), adj[u].end()); //sort the adjacency list in case it is not sorted}//creates arbitrary values for distance, will check later if INF remainfor(i = 1; i <= N; i++){dist[i] = INF;}cout << endl << "Valid Input file loaded!" << endl;while(selection != 4){cout << "************************************************" << endl;cout << "What type of analysis would you like to perform?" << endl;cout << "1: Breadth-First Search" << endl;cout << "2: Depth-First Search" << endl;cout << "3: Topological Sort" << endl;cout << "4: Quit" << endl;cout << "************************************************" << endl;//read user input and execute selectioncin >> selection;switch(selection){case 1:cout << endl;BFS();cout << endl;cout << "Would you like to know if the graph is connected?" << endl;cout << "1: Yes" << endl;cout << "Any other key: No" << endl;cin >> connectedChoice;switch(connectedChoice){case 1:if(!isConnected){cout << "The graph is not connected." << endl << endl;}else{cout << "The graph is connected!" << endl << endl;}break;default:break;}break;case 2:cout << endl;DFS();cout << endl;break;case 3:cout << endl;TopSort();cout << endl;break;case 4:return 0;default:cout << endl << "Invalid selection." << endl; //loops the selection prompt until a valid selection is input.}}}
//===============Header File==================#include <iostream>#include <sstream> //stringbuf#include <utility> //exchange//Couple rules://Characters given through the getter functions have to be removed from the buffer.//This is so that bufferEmpty() == buffer.in_avail() > 0 basically always.//skipWhitespace doesn't remove the text from the buffer, but it does return the number of characters.//nextWord will trim whitespace before the word//nextInt will trim non-numbers before the number//hasNextInt and hasNextWord will trim the whitespace. If you think you need it, you should get nextWhitespace before doing any of those.//Whitespace after a word or an int is left on the buffer.//nextWhitespace will (get and) remove whitespace until the end of the line, including the newline character, but stops before the next line.//nextWhitespace won't read the next line when called before the end of the line, and it won't prompt the user for the next line if interactive.//If nextWhitespace is called after reading the end of the line, then it will read a new line into the buffer, which will prompt the user.//It acts like nextLine, but if there's something non-whitespace on the current line it stops there.class Scanner {public:std::stringbuf buffer;std::istream& input;Scanner(std::istream& in = std::cin) : buffer(), input(in) {}//Buffer debuggingbool fillBuffer();bool bufferEmpty();void printBufferEmpty();std::string getBuffer();size_t bufferLength();void printBufferStats();//Intbool hasNextInt();int nextInt();//Wordbool hasNextWord();std::string nextWord();//Linebool hasNextLine();//Whitespacesize_t skipWhitespace(); //Prob should be private, but I don't believe in that private shit.bool hasNextWhitespace();std::string nextWhitespace();std::string nextWhitespaceAll();std::string nextLine();};//===============Source File==================bool Scanner::fillBuffer() { //Returns if it had to get the next line from the input.const bool badInput = input.eof() || input.bad();const bool shouldFillBuffer = bufferEmpty() && !badInput;if (shouldFillBuffer) {std::string line;if (std::getline(input, line)) {buffer.str(buffer.str() + line + "\n");}}return shouldFillBuffer;}bool Scanner::bufferEmpty(){return buffer.str() == "";}void Scanner::printBufferEmpty(){std::cout << "The buffer is " << (bufferEmpty()? "" : "not") << " empty." << std::endl;}std::string Scanner::getBuffer(){return buffer.str();}size_t Scanner::bufferLength(){return buffer.str().length();}void Scanner::printBufferStats(){if(bufferEmpty()){std::cout << "The buffer is \"\"" << std::endl;return;}std::cout << "The length of the buffer is " << bufferLength() << std::endl;if(buffer.sgetc() == '\r'){std::cout << "The buffer is \\r\\n" << std::endl;}else if(buffer.sgetc() == '\n'){std::cout << "The buffer is \\n" << std::endl;}}bool Scanner::hasNextInt() {return hasNextWord() && (std::isdigit(buffer.sgetc()) || buffer.sgetc() == '-');}int Scanner::nextInt() {if (!hasNextInt()) { //Will fill the buffer if not filled. Will also trim whitespace.return 0;}std::string num;size_t charactersRead = 0;while (buffer.in_avail() > 0 && (std::isdigit(buffer.sgetc()) || buffer.sgetc() == '-')) {num += buffer.sbumpc();++charactersRead;}buffer.str(buffer.str().erase(0, charactersRead));return std::stoi(num);}bool Scanner::hasNextWord() {nextWhitespaceAll();return buffer.in_avail() > 0;}std::string Scanner::nextWord() {if (!hasNextWord()) { //Will fill the buffer if not filled. Will also trim whitespace.return "";}std::string word;size_t charactersRead = 0;while (buffer.in_avail() > 0 && !std::isspace(buffer.sgetc())) {word += buffer.sbumpc();++charactersRead;}buffer.str(buffer.str().erase(0, charactersRead));return word;}bool Scanner::hasNextLine() {return (!bufferEmpty()) || fillBuffer();}size_t Scanner::skipWhitespace() { //Returns characters readsize_t charactersRead = 0;while (buffer.in_avail() > 0 && std::isspace(buffer.sgetc())) {buffer.sbumpc();++charactersRead;}return charactersRead;}bool Scanner::hasNextWhitespace(){fillBuffer();return buffer.in_avail() > 0 && std::isspace(buffer.sgetc());}std::string Scanner::nextWhitespace() {if (!hasNextWhitespace()) { //Will fill the buffer if not filledreturn "";}const size_t charactersRead = skipWhitespace();std::string whitespace = buffer.str().substr(charactersRead);buffer.str(buffer.str().erase(0, charactersRead));return whitespace;}std::string Scanner::nextWhitespaceAll(){std::string whitespace;while(hasNextWhitespace()){std::string gottenWhiteSpace = nextWhitespace();whitespace += gottenWhiteSpace;}return whitespace;}std::string Scanner::nextLine(){if (!hasNextLine()) {return "";}fillBuffer();//Swap out the old buffer with an empty buffer, and get the old buffer as a variable.std::string line = std::exchange(buffer, std::stringbuf()).str();//Remove the newline.if(line[line.length() - 1] == '\n' || line[line.length() - 1] == '\r' ) line.pop_back();if(line[line.length() - 1] == '\r' || line[line.length() - 1] == '\n' ) line.pop_back();return line;}//=================Word and Int test=================while(bruh.hasNextInt() || bruh.hasNextWord()){std::cout << "started loop" << std::endl;if(bruh.hasNextInt()){std::cout << "Int: " << bruh.nextInt() << " " << std::endl;}else{std::cout << "Word: " << bruh.nextWord() << " " << std::endl;}bruh.nextWhitespace();}//===================Line test======================for(int count = 1; bruh.hasNextLine(); ++count){std::string line = bruh.nextLine();std::cout << "Line " << count << ": " << line << std::endl;}
#include <iostream>#include <fstream>#include <string>#include <cstring>using namespace std;//This program makes a new text file that contains all combinations of two letters.// aa, ab, ..., zy, zzint main(){string filename = "two_letters.txt";ofstream outFile;outFile.open(filename.c_str());if(!outFile.is_open()){cout << "Something's wrong. Closing..." << endl;return 0;}for(char first = 'a'; first <= 'z'; first++){for(char second = 'a'; second <= 'z'; second++){outFile << first << second << " ";}outFile << endl;}return 0;}