def hex_to_rgb(hex):
  return tuple(int(hex[i:i+2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4))

hex_to_rgb('FFA501') # (255, 165, 1)

from collections import defaultdict

def combine_values(*dicts):
  res = defaultdict(list)
  for d in dicts:
    for key in d:
      res[key].append(d[key])
  return dict(res)
  
d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 'foo', 'c': 400}
d2 = {'a': 3, 'b': 200, 'd': 400}

combine_values(d1, d2) # {'a': [1, 3], 'b': ['foo', 200], 'c': [400], 'd': [400]}

import mysql.connector

mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="yourusername",
  password="yourpassword"
)

mycursor = mydb.cursor()

mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE mydatabase")

import random
import time

def generate_maze(width, height):
    """Generate a random maze using depth-first search"""
    maze = [[1 for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
    
    def carve(x, y):
        maze[y][x] = 0
        directions = [(1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1)]
        random.shuffle(directions)
        
        for dx, dy in directions:
            nx, ny = x + dx*2, y + dy*2
            if 0 <= nx < width and 0 <= ny < height and maze[ny][nx] == 1:
                maze[y + dy][x + dx] = 0
                carve(nx, ny)
    
    carve(1, 1)
    maze[0][1] = 0  # Entrance
    maze[height-1][width-2] = 0  # Exit
    return maze

def print_maze(maze, path=None):
    """Print the maze with ASCII characters"""
    if path is None:
        path = []
    
    for y in range(len(maze)):
        for x in range(len(maze[0])):
            if (x, y) in path:
                print('◍', end=' ')
            elif maze[y][x] == 0:
                print(' ', end=' ')
            else:
                print('▓', end=' ')
        print()

def solve_maze(maze, start, end):
    """Solve the maze using recursive backtracking"""
    visited = set()
    path = []
    
    def dfs(x, y):
        if (x, y) == end:
            path.append((x, y))
            return True
        
        if (x, y) in visited or maze[y][x] == 1:
            return False
            
        visited.add((x, y))
        path.append((x, y))
        
        for dx, dy in [(1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1)]:
            if dfs(x + dx, y + dy):
                return True
                
        path.pop()
        return False
    
    dfs(*start)
    return path

# Generate and solve a maze
width, height = 21, 11  # Should be odd numbers
maze = generate_maze(width, height)
start = (1, 0)
end = (width-2, height-1)

print("Generated Maze:")
print_maze(maze)

print("\nSolving Maze...")
time.sleep(2)
path = solve_maze(maze, start, end)

print("\nSolved Maze:")
print_maze(maze, path)

import logging
import os
import re
import subprocess
import time
import json
from typing import Optional, Tuple, List, Dict, Any
from glob import glob
from datetime import datetime


class BGPRouteParser():
    bgp_route_pattern = r'^\*>\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(.+)$'


    def _normalize_network_cidr(self, network: str) -> str:
        """Normalize network address by adding appropriate CIDR notation.
        
        Args:
            network: Network address (e.g., "172.31.0.0" or "172.16.0.1/32")
            
        Returns:
            Network address with appropriate CIDR notation
        """
        if '/' in network:
            return network
            
        try:
            octets = network.split('.')
            if len(octets) != 4:
                return network  # Invalid IP format or IPv6, return as-is

            # Determine CIDR based on trailing zero pattern

            # Check for default route
            if network == '0.0.0.0':
                return '0.0.0.0/0'

            if octets[1:] == ['0', '0', '0']:
                return f"{network}/8"

            if octets[2:] == ['0', '0']:
                return f"{network}/16"

            if octets[3] == '0':
                return f"{network}/24"

        except (ValueError, IndexError):
            return network
        

    def _parse_as_path(self, path_info: str) -> str:
        """Extract AS path from BGP path information.
        
        Args:
            path_info: Raw path information from BGP output
            
        Returns:
            Cleaned AS path string
        """
        path_info = path_info.strip()
        
        # Handle internal routes
        if path_info == 'i':
            return str(self.headend_config.local_bgp_asn)
            
        # Extract AS numbers using list comprehension
        path_parts = path_info.split()
        as_numbers = [part for part in path_parts if part.isdigit()]
        
        return ' '.join(as_numbers)

    def _parse_route_line(self, line: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Parse a single BGP route line (IPv4 format).
        
        Args:
            line: BGP route line from show command output
            
        Returns:
            Route dictionary or None if parsing fails
        """
        
        match = re.match(self.bgp_route_pattern, line)
        if not match:
            return None
            
        network, next_hop, metric_str, weight_str, path_info = match.groups()
        
        try:
            return {
                "network": self._normalize_network_cidr(network),
                "nextHopIp": next_hop,
                "med": int(metric_str),
                "localPref": 100, # Always 100 for learned routes on PEs
                "weight": int(weight_str),
                "asPath": self._parse_as_path(path_info)
            }
        except ValueError as e:
            logging.warning(f"Failed to parse route line '{line}': {e}")
            return None

    def _parse_ipv6_route_block(self, lines: List[str], start_idx: int) -> Tuple[Optional[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
        """Parse a multi-line IPv6 BGP route block.
        
        Args:
            lines: List of all output lines
            start_idx: Index of the first line of the route block
            
        Returns:
            Tuple of (route dictionary or None, next line index to process)
        """
        if start_idx >= len(lines):
            return None, start_idx + 1
            
        # First line: *> network
        first_line = lines[start_idx].strip()
        if not first_line.startswith('*>'):
            return None, start_idx + 1
            
        # Extract network from first line
        network_match = re.match(r'^\*>\s+(\S+)$', first_line)
        if not network_match:
            return None, start_idx + 1
            
        network = network_match.group(1)
        
        # Second line: next hop (indented)
        if start_idx + 1 >= len(lines):
            return None, start_idx + 1
            
        second_line = lines[start_idx + 1].strip()
        if not second_line or second_line.startswith('*>'):
            # This might be a single-line IPv6 route or malformed
            return None, start_idx + 1
            
        next_hop = second_line
        
        # Third line: metric, locprf, weight, path (indented)
        if start_idx + 2 >= len(lines):
            return None, start_idx + 2
            
        third_line = lines[start_idx + 2].strip()
        if not third_line or third_line.startswith('*>'):
            # Malformed route block
            return None, start_idx + 2
            
        # Parse the third line: metric locprf weight path
        path_parts = third_line.split()
        if len(path_parts) < 4:
            return None, start_idx + 3
            
        try:
            metric_str = path_parts[0]
            # Skip locprf (path_parts[1]) as it's empty or not used
            weight_str = path_parts[-2]  # Second to last element
            path_info = path_parts[-1]   # Last element
            
            return {
                "network": self._normalize_network_cidr(network),
                "nextHopIp": next_hop,
                "med": int(metric_str),
                "localPref": 100, # Always 100 for learned routes on PEs
                "weight": int(weight_str),
                "asPath": self._parse_as_path(path_info)
            }, start_idx + 3
            
        except (ValueError, IndexError) as e:
            logging.warning(f"Failed to parse IPv6 route block starting at line {start_idx}: {e}")
            return None, start_idx + 3

    def _find_route_start_index(self, lines: List[str]) -> Optional[int]:
        """Find the index where BGP routes start in the output.
        
        Args:
            lines: List of output lines
            
        Returns:
            Index of first route line or None if not found
        """
        for i, line in enumerate(lines):
            if 'Network' in line and 'Next Hop' in line:
                return i + 1
        return None

    def _get_ipv4_bgp_routes(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Parse IPv4 BGP route table output and return structured data.
        
        Returns:
            List of IPv4 BGP routes
        """
        try:
            output = """BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 169.254.148.249
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
                r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

    Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    *> 172.16.0.1/32   169.254.50.85         0             0 65000 i


    Total number of prefixes 2"""
            
            # Check if command output is valid
            if not output or not output.strip():
                logging.warning("IPv4 BGP command returned empty output")
                return []
            
            lines = output.strip().split('\n')
            route_start_idx = self._find_route_start_index(lines)
            
            if route_start_idx is None:
                logging.warning("IPv4 BGP output does not contain expected header format")
                return []
            
            # Parse routes using list comprehension and filter
            route_lines = [
                line.strip() for line in lines[route_start_idx:]
                if line.strip() and line.strip().startswith('*>') 
                and not line.strip().startswith('Total number')
            ]
            
            # Parse routes and convert to dictionaries
            routes = []
            for line in route_lines:
                route = self._parse_route_line(line)
                if route is not None:
                    routes.append(route)
            
            return routes
            
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error(f"Failed to get IPv4 BGP routes: {e}")
            return []

    def _get_ipv6_bgp_routes(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Parse IPv6 BGP route table output and return structured data.
        
        Returns:
            List of IPv6 BGP routes
        """
        try:
            output = """BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 169.254.148.249
    Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
                r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
    Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

    Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
    *> 2600:1702:5fc0:8792::/64
                        fd1c:a349:ac38:7ea1:792e:e716:baa1:52b6
                                                0             0 65000 i
    *> 2600:4700:4700::1111/128
                        fd1c:a349:ac38:7ea1:792e:e716:baa1:52b5
                                            100         32768 i

    Total number of prefixes 2"""
            
            # Check if command output is valid
            if not output or not output.strip():
                logging.warning("IPv6 BGP command returned empty output")
                return []
            
            lines = output.strip().split('\n')
            route_start_idx = self._find_route_start_index(lines)
            
            if route_start_idx is None:
                logging.warning("IPv6 BGP output does not contain expected header format")
                return []
            
            # Parse IPv6 routes (multi-line format)
            routes = []
            i = route_start_idx
            
            while i < len(lines):
                line = lines[i].strip()
                
                # Skip empty lines and total count lines
                if not line or line.startswith('Total number'):
                    i += 1
                    continue
                    
                # Process route blocks starting with *>
                if line.startswith('*>'):
                    route, next_idx = self._parse_ipv6_route_block(lines, i)
                    if route is not None:
                        routes.append(route)
                    i = next_idx
                else:
                    i += 1
            
            return routes
            
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error(f"Failed to get IPv6 BGP routes: {e}")
            return []

    def _get_all_bgp_routes(self) -> Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
        """Parse both IPv4 and IPv6 BGP route table outputs and return structured data.
        
        Returns:
            Dictionary containing list of all BGP routes (IPv4 and IPv6 combined)
        """
        try:
            # Get IPv4 routes
            ipv4_routes = self._get_ipv4_bgp_routes()
            
            # Get IPv6 routes
            ipv6_routes = self._get_ipv6_bgp_routes()
            
            # Combine all routes
            all_routes = ipv4_routes + ipv6_routes
            
            logging.debug(f"Retrieved {len(ipv4_routes)} IPv4 routes and {len(ipv6_routes)} IPv6 routes")
            
            return {"routes": all_routes}
            
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error(f"Failed to get all BGP routes: {e}")
            return {"routes": []}

    def _get_specific_network(self, bgp_properties: Dict[str, Any], prefix: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Find specific network in BGP properties.
        
        Args:
            bgp_properties: BGP properties dictionary
            prefix: Network prefix to search for
            
        Returns:
            Route information dictionary or empty dict if not found
        """
        if not bgp_properties or not isinstance(bgp_properties, dict):
            logging.warning(f"Invalid BGP properties: {type(bgp_properties)}")
            return {}
            
        routes = bgp_properties.get("routes", [])
        logging.debug(f"Searching for prefix '{prefix}' in {len(routes)} routes")
        
        # Use next() with generator expression for efficient search
        try:
            route = next(
                route for route in routes 
                if route.get("network") == prefix
            )
            logging.debug(f"Found matching route for prefix '{prefix}': {route}")
            return route
        except StopIteration:
            logging.debug(f"No route found for prefix '{prefix}'")
            return {}


def main():
    """Main function to demonstrate BGP route parsing."""
    # Configure logging
    logging.basicConfig(
        level=logging.INFO,
        format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
    )
    
    # Create parser instance
    parser = BGPRouteParser()
    
    # Get BGP routes
    print("Parsing BGP routes...")
    routes_data = parser._get_all_bgp_routes()
    
    # Display results
    print(f"Found {len(routes_data['routes'])} BGP routes:")
    print("-" * 50)
    
    for i, route in enumerate(routes_data['routes'], 1):
        print(f"Route {route}:")

    
    return routes_data


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Prompt user for a decimal number
decimal = int(input("Enter a decimal number: "))

# Convert decimal to binary
binary = bin(decimal)

# Convert decimal to hexadecimal
hexadecimal = hex(decimal)

# Display the results
print("Binary:", binary)
print("Hexadecimal:", hexadecimal)